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In molecular biology, or "junk" DNA is a collective mark for the parts of the DNA sequence of chromosome or genome for which no function has yet been identified. About 80-90% of the human genome has been characterized as "junk", which includes most sequences within introns and intergenic DNA more. While much of this sequence may be an evolutionary artifact that serves no purpose today, some are believed to operate in ways that are not currently understood. In addition, the persistence of some junk DNA over many millions of years of evolution may mean a significant operation. Some see the "junk" label as something of a misnomer, but others consider as junk stored away judicious about possible new uses, despite kicked out; others prefer the term "noncoding DNA" (though often includes junk DNA transposons that encode for proteins that is not clear honour to host the genome). However, it now appears that, although it encodes protein-DNA synthesis from barely 2% of the human genome, approximately 80% of the bases in the genome can be expressed, which supports the view that the term "junk DNA" may be a misnomer.

More broadly, the science of functional genomics has developed widely accepted techniques to characterize genes, which encode for proteins, RNA genes and regulatory regions. In most genomes of plants and animals, however, these together constitute only a small percentage of the genome DNA (less than 2% in humans). The function, if any, from the rest remains under investigation. Most of that can be described as repetitive elements that have no known biological function for the host (although it is good to geneticists for the analysis and generation phylogeny). However, a large amount of sequence the genomes of these falls outside existing classification, apart from "junk".

Total size of the genome, and thus the amount of junk DNA, would seem to have little to do with the complexity of organization: the genome of unicellular Amoeba dubia has been reported to contain more than 200 times the amount of DNA in humans ".

The pufferfish Takifugu rubripes genome is only about one tenth the size of the human genome, but it appears to have a comparable number of genes. Most of the difference seems to lie in what is now known only as junk DNA. This puzzle is known as the C-value or mystery, more conventional, the C-value paradox